Functional Adrenal Tumour

A functional adrenal tumour is a type of tumour located in the adrenal glands that produces hormones, leading to various clinical syndromes. These tumours can cause an overproduction of adrenal hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, or catecholamines, resulting in distinct symptoms and health issues.

Types of Functional Adrenal Tumours

• Adrenocortical Adenoma: A benign tumor that may produce excess cortisol (Cushing's syndrome) or aldosterone (Conn's syndrome).

• Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A rare malignant tumor that can also produce excess hormones and is more aggressive than adenomas.

• Pheochromocytoma: A tumour that secretes catecholamines (like adrenaline), that can benign or malignant, leading to symptoms such as hypertension and palpitations.

• Neuroblastoma: A type of cancer that arises from adrenal medulla cells, primarily affecting children.

  
  

Symptoms

The symptoms of functional adrenal tumors vary depending on the type of hormone produced:

• Cushing's Syndrome: Weight gain, round face, increased body hair, and skin changes.

• Conn's Syndrome: High blood pressure, low potassium levels, and muscle weakness.

• Pheochromocytoma: Episodes of high blood pressure, sweating, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety.

  
  

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves:

• Blood and urine tests to measure hormone levels.

• Imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs to visualize the adrenal glands.

• Biopsy in some cases to determine the nature of the tumour.

  
  

Treatment

Treatment options depend on the type of tumour:

• Surgical Removal: Often second line of treatment for localised tumours after symptoms are medically controlled. Surgery can be conventional open surgery or by MIS.

• Medications: To control hormone production and manage symptoms, especially in inoperable cases.

• Radiation Therapy: May be used for malignant tumours post operatively

• Others

  
  

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with functional adrenal tumours varies based on the type of tumour, its size, and whether it has spread. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for better outcomes.

8 CM LEFT ADRENAL PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA