Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. It is the commonest cancers among women, although it can also occur in men (less than 1% of cases). Understanding breast cancer involves knowing its types, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and management options.

Types of Breast Cancer

• Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): A non-invasive cancer (precancerous) where cells inside the ducts have changed but have not spread through the ducts.

• Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): The most common type, where cancer cells invade the surrounding breast tissue.

• Invasive Lobular Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the lobules (milk-producing glands) and can spread to nearby tissues.

• Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A subtype that lacks three common receptors, making it more challenging to treat.

• HER2-positive Breast Cancer: Characterised by over-expression of the HER2 protein, which promotes the growth of cancer cells.

  
  

Risk Factors

• Gender: Women are at a higher risk than men.

• Age: Risk increases with age.

• Family History: A family history of breast cancer can increase risk.

• Genetic Mutations: Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly raise risk.

• Hormonal Factors: Early menstruation, late menopause, and hormonal replacement therapy can contribute to risk.

• Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity are linked to higher risk.

  
  

Symptoms

• Lump or mass in the breast or underarm area.

• Changes in breast shape or size.

• Discharge from the nipple, which may be blood-stained.

• Skin changes, such as dimpling or puckering.

• Inflammation or swelling in the breast.

  
  

Diagnosis

• Clinical Breast Exam: A physical examination by a healthcare professional.

• Imaging Tests: Mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRIs to visualise the breast tissue.

• Biopsy: Sampling of the tumour tissue for laboratory testing to confirm cancer.

• Genetic Testing: To identify specific genetic mutations that may affect treatment options.

  
  

Management and Treatment

The management of breast cancer depends on the type, stage, and individual patient factors. Common treatment options include:

• Surgery:

  • Lumpectomy: Removal of the tumour and a small margin of surrounding normal tissue.

  • Mastectomy: Removal of one or both breasts, either partially or completely.

• Radiation Therapy: High-energy waves are used to target and kill cancer cells, often used after surgery.

• Chemotherapy: Systemic treatment using drugs to kill cancer cells, often used for more aggressive cancers.

• Hormonal Therapy: Used for hormone receptor-positive cancers to block hormones that fuel cancer growth.

• Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific characteristics of cancer cells, such as HER2-positive cancers.

  
  

Follow-up Care

After treatment, regular follow-up appointments are essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term side effects of treatment. This may include:

• Regular physical exams.

• Mammograms or other imaging tests.

• Supportive care for emotional and psychological well-being.

  
  

Conclusion

Breast cancer is a complex disease with various types and treatment options. Early detection through regular screenings and awareness of risk factors can significantly impact outcomes. Management should be personalised by a multidisciplinary team taking into account the individual patient's needs and circumstances.

Cancer Cells